1、新增hosts记录
打开hosts文件，增加以下记录
mac\linux /etc/hosts
win C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc

#facebook
69.63.189.16 facebook.com
69.63.189.16 www.facebook.com
69.63.181.31 m.facebook.com
69.63.181.20 login.facebook.com
69.63.179.70 secure.facebook.com
66.220.146.18 apps.facebook.com
69.63.181.31 touch.facebook.com
118.214.114.110 s-static.ak.facebook.com
66.220.147.47 api.facebook.com
69.63.181.16 zh-CN.facebook.com
202.157.186.28 static.ak.facebook.com
202.157.186.34 b.static.ak.facebook.com
69.63.178.57 secure-profile.facebook.com
69.63.178.57 secure-media-sf2p.facebook.com
69.63.178.15 ssl.facebook.com
69.63.190.18 apps.facebook.com
118.214.190.105 profile.ak.facebook.com

#Facebook web
69.63.187.17 fbcdn.net
97.65.135.139 external.ak.fbcdn.net
124.155.222.50 vthumb.ak.fbcdn.net
97.65.135.163 static.ak.fbcdn.net
97.65.135.163 b.static.ak.fbcdn.net
202.157.186.34 creative.ak.fbcdn.net
118.214.190.128 profile.ak.fbcdn.net
69.63.176.21 s-hprofile-sf2p.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-a.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-b.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-c.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-d.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-e.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-f.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-g.ak.fbcdn.net
125.56.199.9 photos-h.ak.fbcdn.net

2、设置https访问
可以在访问的时候手动加上https，不过fb中有些链接依然未走安全链接，所以最好设置下。如下图

二、Youtube只需一步，设置host，方法如上。

203.208.46.29 youtube.com
203.208.46.29 www.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 gdata.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 m.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 help.youtube.com
74.125.71.116 upload.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 accounts.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 insight.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 apiblog.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 clients1.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 s.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 s2.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 s.ytimg.com
203.208.46.29 i1.ytimg.com
203.208.46.29 i2.ytimg.com
203.208.46.29 i3.ytimg.com
203.208.46.29 i4.ytimg.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache1.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache2.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache3.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache4.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache5.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache6.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache7.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v1.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v2.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v3.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v4.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v5.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v6.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v7.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v8.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v9.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v10.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v11.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v12.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v13.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v14.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v15.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v16.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v17.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v18.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v19.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v20.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v21.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v22.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v23.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 o-o.preferred.sjc07s15.v24.lscache8.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r1.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r2.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r3.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r4.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r5.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r6.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r7.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r8.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r9.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r10.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r11.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r12.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r13.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r14.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r15.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r16.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r17.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r18.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r19.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
203.208.46.29 r20.pek01s01.c.youtube.com
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Twitter的最新IP被和谐了，展示不可访问。。。。，等更新吧。

古道在前一篇 2010五一只游不记之秦皇古道(I)

没有感受传说中的“秦皇古道”，只能拍些“非花非草”了

这个树我很喜欢

还是喜欢

恩，明白

改造的梯田，不如南方的秀美，也有自己的风光

蒲公英，一口气没吹完

路过一无名河

- – - – - – - EOF – - – - – - -

入口，阴影中的男人是收门票滴

也算是在开发之中

驿道没有想象中的宏伟

人比较少，倒还挺适合拍照了

几百年前的石头雕像了，为啥不值钱？

这才是真的古驿道

—–EOF———-

“杜邦公司进行了一项研究，对前去超市的5000名妇女询问她们想买什么产品，然后在出店时予以检查。调查报告的结果另人深感震惊，这些妇女只有30%的人如自己先前所说购买了特定品牌的产品，而另外70%的人则买了其他品牌的产品。”

所以问卷调查不需要让用户来说需要什么，也不需要让被调研者思考和提出建议。需要做的是，列出公司产品和竞争对手的优势和劣势。或者是将我们要体现的特性列出来。Jack Trout在他的书中推荐了一种调研方式

“列出一个品类的相关特性，让顾客按这些特性为品牌一一给予1~10分的评分，调研的目的是找出哪个品牌占据了哪个特性”

这个做法的区别在于，我们仍然在把握我们的产品，我们需要调查的是我们是否有效的将我们想要传达的概念传给了用户，就是这么简单。关于用户的建议，我承认的确有不少好的建议，Evan Williams 在 Twitter创始人谈倾听用户心声中提到有许多意想不到的灵感是来自于用户的使用心得。我也没有反驳的意思。然而有个前提，这一切只是服务于你当前的产品定位和优化的。选择那些正是你想做而又不够完善或者没做好的事情的建议，而不要被用户牵着走，如果有一天你发现你在被用户牵着走，你应该意识到已经都到危险的边缘了。所以我是觉得无论作为产品人员还是运营人员，一定是具有超前意识，提用户思考，想得更多。做好产品的定位和方向，而需要调查的只是让用户来证明他们是否收到你的产品所传递的“讯息”。

一、创新
什么是创新？我所提及的新概念并非绝对的“原创”，至少应该兼容下面2种情况
1、区域内的创新
一定要是在你所处区域内是“新的”。这个区域可以是一个国家、一个地区。
比如你可以直接将国外的概念直接搬到国内，把google做成baidu，把ebay做成taobao，把facebook做成校内(人人)，只要你在中国这个区域内是第一就是新概念。而且由于语言和文化的区隔，使得这种概念的移植的成功率很高，而且成本和风险也很低。正是很多公司都采用的做法。

2、行业中的创新
将传统行业搬到互联网，将一些基本需求移植到互联网，都算是行业内的创新，这也都可以算做新概念。
比如将媒体信息搬到网上有了门户资讯，将买卖搬到网上有了B2C，C2C的电子商务网站，将交友和关系移植网上有了网络交友和SNS，

企业一旦成为了概念的“原创者”，竞争对手的所有模仿行动都是在强化这个已经建立起来的概念，也在强化你的领导地位。所以要找到一个创新点是至关重要的。不过有时这种创新往往会迅速的招到有雄厚背景企业的尾追堵截，凭借他们的强大资源，很可能你的努力只是帮别人做嫁衣。所以有个创新概念后，一定要做好战略布局和先发优势的利用，对整体思路要明确，甚至包括不同时期的产品和运营手段。从而可以从容应对跟随者，保持清晰的头脑，否则在厮杀中极有可能落马。

二、产品特性
创新并非说有就有，是需要一定的积累。在你想到创新概念之前，是去寻找你的产品特性。

“拥有一个特性可能是产品和服务实施差异化的第一方法，但这里有个原则，企业不能拥有竞争对手已经占有的同一个特性，必须另找其他。”

互联网产品的特性是什么？
是需求。是你给用户提供了什么服务，满足了用户什么样的需求。这是互联网产品的特性，也是价值所在。

SNS网站的特性是什么？
开心的特性是娱乐，人人的特性是关系。豆瓣的特性是分享。

我们要做的产品是什么特性？
我们要区别于竞争对手，找到他们所不具备或者是不擅长的特性。这是我们作为进攻型战略的基础。

三、我是“第一”
之前提到的用户最容易记住那些“第一”的东西，好比你知道世界第一高峰，但你知道第二高峰是哪座么？当当图书的slogan是“全球最大中文网上书店”，关键在2个定语上，“中文”和“网上”，不要小看这2个定语，正是这2个定语才成就了这个第一。我们就是需要找到分化、垂直的领域，做到这个“第一”。除了可以实现产品定位的“狭窄聚焦”外，还能克服用户心智的不安全特性。通过实现“第一”，成为这个垂直方向的“领导者”，通过产品和运营的强化，占领这个垂直的分类。

差异化战略需要纵观竞争对手和自己的产品线，通过分析和对比找到自身的有别于竞争对手的产品特征，把握住细分的市场和方向。再回过头来问自己，我们真的就与众不同了么？

- – - – - – - – - – THE END – - – - – - – - – - – - –

战略就是建立认知，所谓认知就是用户的心智。在大竞争时代，唯一的成功之道就是进入顾客心智。在制定战略时，需要充分利用人类心智的特性。
心智具有以下特性
1、用户的心智是有限的。
用户的心智是有限的,“普通人的心智无法同时处理七件以上的信息”。 ((哈佛大学心里学家乔治.米勒的说法!)) 同时人类心智更愿意接受更像新闻的信息。我们只有做到“数一数二”才能牢牢占据用户的心智，然而当我们想要将已经占据用户心智的其他企业和品牌排挤出用户的心智是件很困难的事情。所以需要找好定位，抢占用户心智的高地。

2、人类心智更喜欢简单有序的事物。
通过清晰的定位，让用户很容易理解也更容易使用你的产品。概念上要足够清晰明了。只有这样才更容易不会使用户产生混乱。

3、心智缺乏安全感
因为心智缺乏安全感，所以在很多方面是通过别人的行为来产生对比，作为自己决定的参考。如同《引爆点》中提到的，人们更愿意相信身边的邻居和熟人。心智的这个特性很好的解释了”跟风”、”从众心理”和“潮流效应”。其中提到了“社会认同原则”人类只有感知到别人认为某样事物正确，自己才会跟着认定正确，看到别人在某种情况下作出何种行为，才判断该种行为是错是对。 ((Robert Cialdino 提出的观点!))

4、心智不喜欢改变
以新概念、新产品或新的利益第一个进入心智将拥有巨大优势，因为心智不喜欢改变。《社会心里学手册》中提出“任何改变人们态度的计划都会十分艰难，改变一个人的基本信念非常困难，即使精心设计运用一些诸如心理疗法在内的复杂方法也是如此”。当我们习惯使用一个产品或者品牌后，改变起来是困难的，这也印证了要超越竞争对手是需要另辟蹊径，避开正面冲突。

5、心智会失去焦点
虽然心智不喜欢改变，但是由于一些企业多元化和品牌延伸，会淡化企业之前在用户心智中形成的清晰印象而失去焦点。当产品无所不包，失去清晰定位的时候，这个品牌在人们的心智中会被淡忘而变得什么都不是。所以企业在多元化和品牌延伸的时候，需要建立在“聚焦”的基础上，使得业务的扩展不会影响之前已经在用户心中的印象。

制定战略需要充分考虑心智的这些特点，做到清晰、简单的差异化定位。同时可以利用心智的这些特性来进行运营活动。

- – - – - – - – - – - – - – - – - to be continue – - – - – - – - – - – - – - – - – - – - –

一、战略的定义
在《什么是战略》一书中，特劳特给出了战略的定义，

“战略就是让你的企业和产品与众不同，形成核心竞争力。对受众而言，即是鲜明的建立品牌“。

战略是一个简单、焦点明确的价值定位，换句话说，战略是买你的产品而不是竞争对手的产品的理由。战略决定产品规划，战略指导企业如何进行内外的沟通，战略引导组织工作的重心。
并且给出了三条通行战略：成本领先，差异化和业务聚焦。

特劳特通过以下几点来阐述战略
1、战略就是建立认知，也就是占据用户心智。
2、战略就是与众不同，需要差异化的定位。
3、战略就是打败对手，当前的战略需要以竞争为导向。
4、战略就是选择焦点，企业要做的就是聚焦。
5、战略就是追求简单，简单的如常识一样，伟大战略即简单之词。
6、战略是领导方向，企业家应该是引领方向的战略家，而非循规蹈矩的管理人员。
7、战略是实事求是，企业家应该避开增长的陷阱，重返现实。

前5点不仅是给企业定制战略提供了指导方向，对于执行层面同样具有很大的启发意义，通过理解了这些战略的特征，更容易理解公司战略，也更有目的性。在理解战略的过程中，有很多方法会给产品和营销在战术上带了指导。
后2点我理解为是给CEO的忠告，尤其是给职业经理人和拿到风投的企业家。告诉他们如何在投资方压力下需要把握的基本准则，和战略的制定。
后面我会结合特劳特说提出的几个战略特征，记录下我自己的心得体会。

- – - – - – - – - – - – - – to be continue- – - – - – - – - – - – - -

一、认真踏实的态度
要想具有执行力，需要在内心拥有一个信念，就是只有当你认认真真、踏实做事，你才能取得成功。任何的小聪明以及投机取巧换来的只有失败。只有当你坚定了这种信念，在执行的过程中才能应付和抵御各种诱惑，才能戒除种种浮躁，保持清晰的头脑、市场敏锐力和洞察力，也只有拥有认真踏实的态度，我们才可以在顺境或者取的小的突破后，才能看到前方的危机，才能取得最后的成功。

二、明确目标并时时修正。
执行首先要明确的是什么是目标，在执行的过程中都应该是围绕这个目标，时时注意是否在朝着目标前进，及时修正误差。我们在策划一个项目过程中，可能到了上线的时候和最初的初衷相差很远，这就是因为目标不清楚和没有及时的修正所导致的。这种情况屡见不鲜，很多人到产品上线时都还没搞清楚要实现什么。

三、分清楚个人喜好和目标用户的区别
在执行中，需要清楚的意识到个人喜好并不能代表目标用户，需要从目标用户的角度来看问题和评估，尽量降低个人喜好对整个执行和目标的影响。

四、良好的时间管理习惯和技巧
需要掌握良好的时间管理技巧，养成好的习惯。分清紧急任务、重要任务、日常任务、普通任务和持续任务等的区别以及不同的应对方式，定制良好的执行计划。合理安排时间。